![]() ![]() The concept of identity traumas has been proposed in earlier work as part of development-based trauma framework (DBTF) (e.g., GD inventory that includes 6 measures with 33 items can be a parsimonious tool for future research on GD.ĭevelopment-Based Trauma Framework (DBTF), Gender Discrimination by parents, Existential Annihilation Anxiety, Gender Identity Conflict, Internalized Gender discrimination, Gender Discrimination ResistanceĪccording to the traumatology perspective, different discriminations are various forms of social identity traumas that can have negative effects on mental and physical health. GIC and internalized GD further moderated GD effects. Using path analysis in the second study, GD, controlling for other life traumas, predicted a significant decrease in self-esteem and self-efficacy and increase in existential anxiety, which mediated its effects on PTSD and complex PTSD. ![]() GD measures are found to have generally good reliability and stability, good construct, and predictive validity. Exploratory factor analysis in the first sample, and confirmatory factor analysis in the second sample confirmed three components of GD (GD by parents attitudes, GD by parents behavior, and GD by society), and three components of GD coping dynamics (gender identity conflict (GIC), internalized GD, and GD resistance). The first study conducted on a sample of 150, and the second study conducted on 311 participants. Current study developed a conceptual model of GD derived from the development-based trauma framework (DBT) and constructed measures for GD and its coping dynamics and tested them in two studies on Egyptian female college students. Received 16 October 2015 accepted 25 December 2015 published 28 December 2015Ī comprehensive plausible conceptual model of Gender Discrimination (GD) and accurate measures of its components are lacking. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). 1Center for Cumulative Trauma Studies, Stone Mountain, GA, USAĢCenter for the Study of Stress Trauma and Resiliency, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USAĬopyright © 2015 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. ![]()
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